Circumcision / 包皮環切
Male circumcision is the surgical removal of some or all of the foreskin (prepuce) from the penis.Estimates by the World Health Organization (WHO) suggest that 30 percent of males worldwide are circumcised, of whom 68 percent are Muslim. The prevalence of circumcision varies mostly with religious affiliation, and sometimes culture. In some countries circumcisions are more commonly performed during infancy. Circumcision is also used therapeutically, as one of the treatment options for balanitis xerotica obliterans, phimosis, balanitis, posthitis, balanoposthitis and urinary tract infections. Strong evidence indicates that circumcision reduces the risk of HIV infection in heterosexual men by 38-66% in populations that are at high risk, and studies have concluded it is cost effective in sub-Saharan Africa. The WHO currently recommends circumcision be recognised as an intervention as part of a comprehensive program for prevention of HIV transmission in areas with high endemic rates of HIV.
包皮環切術是一種將陰莖上的包皮切除的手術。嬰兒的包皮環切術常使用各種鉗子類的器械。這些器械是為了保護龜頭不致於在手術中受傷,同時可夾緊包皮以達到止血的目的。如果是用Gomco,必須先在包皮的背側縱切,才能用鉗子夾住包皮,然後把多餘的包皮切除。包皮環切術指手術切除部份或全部的包皮,有時陰莖腹面靠近尿道口的包皮繫帶(frenulum)也一併切除,稱為'frenectomy'。作為一種治療性的手術,包皮環切術可用於治療數種病症,包括病態性包莖、慢性包皮炎、陰莖癌等。